Disaster Preparedness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Exploring and Evaluating the Policy, Legislative Organisational Arrangements Particularly During the Hajj Period

Abdullah Alyami; Camille Lillian Dulong; Mustafa Z. Younis; Sara Mansoor

doi:10.29333/ejeph/8424

Full Text (PDF)

Abdullah Alyami ¹, Camille Lillian Dulong ¹ ² ³ ^* , Mustafa Z. Younis ⁴, Sara Mansoor ⁵

More Detail

¹ Subsea 7, Al Khobar City, SAUDI ARABIA² Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, CANADA³ University of Newcastle, NSW, AUSTRALIA⁴ Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA⁵ The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, NSW, AUSTRALIA^* Corresponding Author

Abstract

This paper examines the natural disasters that have historically taken place in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, particularly during Hajj (the largest mass gathering event in the world). A literature search of multiple databases was conducted to identify what is currently known about the effectiveness of disaster management arrangements, policies and plans in the KSA.

Keywords

disaster
preparedness
Saudi Arabia
floods
mass gatherings
Hajj
accidents

License

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Article Type: Literature Review

EUR J ENV PUBLIC HLT, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2021, Article No: em0053

https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/8424

Publication date: 30 Jul 2020

Article Views: 3929

Article Downloads: 10510

Open Access References How to cite this article

References

Abosuliman, S. S., Kumar, A. and Alam, F. (2013). Disaster preparedness and management in Saudi Arabia: an empirical investigation. International Journal of Social, Human Science and Engineering, 7(12), 295-299.
Abosuliman, S. S., Kumar, A. and Alam, F. (2014). Flood disaster planning and management in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia–a survey. Paper presented at: Fourth International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Bali, Indonesia, 7-9 January 2014.
Abubakar, I., Gautret, P., Brunette, G. W., et al. (2012). Global perspectives for prevention of infectious diseases associated with mass gatherings. The Lancet infectious diseases, 12(1), 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70246-8
Aitsi-Selmi, A., Egawa, S., Sasaki, H., Wannous, C. and Murray, V. (2015). The Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction: Renewing the global commitment to people’s resilience, health, and well-being. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6(2), 164-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0050-9
Alamri, Y. A. (2010). Emergency management in Saudi Arabia: Past, present and future. Un Of Christchurch report, New Zealand, 21.
Alamri, Y. A. (2011). Rains and floods in Saudi Arabia. Crying of the sky or of the people? Saudi medical journal, 32(3), 311-313.
Alghnam, S., Alkelya, M., Alfraidy, M., Al-Bedah, K., Albabtain, I. T. and Alshenqeety, O. (2017). Outcomes of road traffic injuries before and after the implementation of a camera ticketing system: a retrospective study from a large trauma center in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 37(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5144/02564947.2017.1
Almalki, M., FitzGerald, G. and Clark, M. (2011). Health care system in Saudi Arabia: an overview. East Mediterr Health J. 17(10), 784-793. https://doi.org/10.26719/2011.17.10.784
Alqahtani, S., Alraddadi., S., Almourey., R., Alradadi., R., Alradadi., R. and Shehri, W. (2017). Knowledge and practice in chronic pain management among primary healthcare physicians. International Journal of Advanced Research, 5(1), 1954-1964. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/2965
Alrazeeni, D. (2015). Saudi EMS Students’ Perception of and Attitudes toward Their Preparedness for Disaster Management. Journal of education and practice, 6(35), 110-116.
Al-Shareef, A. S., Alsulimani, L. K., Bojan, H. M., et al. (2017). Evaluation of Hospitals’ Disaster Preparedness Plans in the Holy City of Makkah (Mecca): A Cross-Sectional Observation Study. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 32(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X16001229
Alshehri, B. (2017). Emergency nurses’ preparedness for disaster in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 7(3), 6. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v7n3p101
Alshehri, S. A., Rezgui, Y. and Li, H. (2016). Public perceptions and attitudes to biological risks: Saudi Arabia and regional perspectives. Disasters, 40(4), 799-815. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12179
Alzahrani, A. G., Choudhry, A. J., Al Mazroa, M. A., Turkistani, A. H., Nouman, G. S. and Memish, Z. A. (2012). Pattern of diseases among visitors to Mina health centers during the Hajj season, 1429 H (2008 G). Journal of infection and public health, 5(1), 22-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2011.10.003
Bajow, N., Djalali, A., Ingrassia, P. L., Ageely, H., Bani, I. and Della Corte, F. (2015). Disaster medicine curricula in Saudi Arabian medical schools. Journal of Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Acute Care, 2015, 8. https://doi.org/10.5339/jemtac.2015.8
Bronfman, N. C., Cisternas, P. C., Repetto, P. B. and Castañeda, J. V. (2019). Natural disaster preparedness in a multi-hazard environment: Characterizing the sociodemographic profile of those better (worse) prepared. PloS one, 14(4), e0214249. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214249
Centre for Research and Epidemiology Disasters (CRED) (2017). Natural Disasters 2017. Brussels: CRED; 2018 EM-DAT file dated 02/07/2018. Available at: https://cred.be/sites/default/files/adsr_2017.pdf
Coppola, D. P. (2006). Introduction to international disaster management. Elsevier.
Coppola, D. P. (2007). Introduction to international disaster management. Elsevier.
Grim, B. J. and Hsu, B. (2011). Estimating the global Muslim population: Size and distribution of the world’s Muslim population. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 7, 2.
Henderson, J. C. (2011). Religious tourism and its management: The hajj in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(6), 541-552. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.825
International Disaster Database (EM-DAT). Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). Country Profile: natural disasters (2010). Available at: http://www.emdat.be/country-profile
Khammash, M. R. and Al-Shouha, T. F. (2006). Do road traffic accidents increase during the fasting month of Ramadan. Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), 11(1), 21-23.
Lindell, M. K., Perry, R. W., Prater, C. and Nicholson, W. C. (2006). Fundamentals of emergency management. Washington, DC, USA: FEMA.
Maben, J., Al-Thowini, K., West, E. and Rafferty, A.-M. (2010). Uneven development: comparing the indigenous health care workforce in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Oman. International journal of nursing studies, 47(3), 392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.07.008
Mansuri, F. A., Al-Zalabani, A. H., Zalat, M. M. and Qabshawi, R. I. (2015). Road safety and road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review of existing evidence. Saudi medical journal, 36(4), 418. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.4.10003
Memish, Z., McNabb, S., Mahoney, F., et al. (2009). Establishment of public health security in Saudi Arabia for the 2009 Hajj in response to pandemic influenza A H1N1. The Lancet, 374(9703), 1786-1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61927-9
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. and Altman, D. G. (2010). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. International journal of surgery (London, England), 8(5), 336-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007
Muttarak, R. and Pothisiri, W. (2013). The role of education on disaster preparedness: case study of 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes on Thailand’s Andaman Coast. Ecology & Society, 18(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06101-180451
OEC (2017). Saudi Arabia (SAU) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners.
Owaidah, A. A. (2015). Hajj crowd management via a mobile augmented reality application: a case of The Hajj event, Saudi Arabia (Masters Thesis), University of Glasgow.
Rahm, D. and Reddick, C.G. (2011). US city managers’ perceptions of disaster risks: Consequences for urban emergency management. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 19(3), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2011.00647.x
Saro, R. (2017). Arab region sets stance for Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. Available at: https://www.unisdr.org/archive/52956 (Accessed: January 9, 2020).
Saudi Gazette (2016, 1 January) Saudi Arabia records 526,000 road accidents annually report. Al Arabiya. Available at: http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/01/01/Report-Saudi-Arabia-records-526-000-road-accidents-annually.html
Shujaa, A. and Alhamid, S. (2015). Health response to Hajj mass gathering from emergency perspective, narrative review. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15(4), 172-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjem.2015.02.001
Soomaroo, L. and Murray, V. (2012). Disasters at mass gatherings: lessons from history. PLoS currents, 4, Rrn1301. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.RRN1301
The Ninth Development Plan (2010–2014). National Economy under the Ninth Development Plan. Ministry of Economy and Planning, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Available at https://www.mep.gov.sa/en/AdditionalDocuments/PlansEN/9th/Ninth%20Development%20Plan%20-%20Chapter%204%20-%20National%20Economy%20Under%20The%20Ninth%20Development%20Plan%20.pdf
United Nation, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population (UN DESA). Population Devision Publication. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/index.asp (Accessed: Accessed: July 18, 2020).
United Nation, Office for Outer Space Affairs (UN SPIDER). The UN and Disaster Management. Available at: http://www.un-spider.org/risks-and-disasters/the-un-and-disaster-management (Accessed: July 18, 2020).
World Health Organization. (2009). Annual Disaster Statistical Review.
World Health Organization. (2013). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013.
World Health Organization. (2015). Public health for mass gatherings: key considerations.
Yamin M, Mohammadian M, Huang X, Sharma D. RFID Technology and Crowded Event Management. IEEE Computer Society; 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIMCA.2008.233

How to cite this article

Vancouver

Alyami A, Dulong CL, Younis MZ, Mansoor S. Disaster Preparedness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Exploring and Evaluating the Policy, Legislative Organisational Arrangements Particularly During the Hajj Period. EUR J ENV PUBLIC HLT. 2021;5(1):em0053. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/8424

APA

Alyami, A., Dulong, C. L., Younis, M. Z., & Mansoor, S. (2021). Disaster Preparedness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Exploring and Evaluating the Policy, Legislative Organisational Arrangements Particularly During the Hajj Period. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 5(1), em0053. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/8424

AMA

Alyami A, Dulong CL, Younis MZ, Mansoor S. Disaster Preparedness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Exploring and Evaluating the Policy, Legislative Organisational Arrangements Particularly During the Hajj Period. EUR J ENV PUBLIC HLT. 2021;5(1), em0053. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/8424

Chicago

Alyami, Abdullah, Camille Lillian Dulong, Mustafa Z. Younis, and Sara Mansoor. "Disaster Preparedness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Exploring and Evaluating the Policy, Legislative Organisational Arrangements Particularly During the Hajj Period". European Journal of Environment and Public Health 2021 5 no. 1 (2021): em0053. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/8424

Harvard

Alyami, A., Dulong, C. L., Younis, M. Z., and Mansoor, S. (2021). Disaster Preparedness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Exploring and Evaluating the Policy, Legislative Organisational Arrangements Particularly During the Hajj Period. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 5(1), em0053. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/8424

MLA

Alyami, Abdullah et al. "Disaster Preparedness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Exploring and Evaluating the Policy, Legislative Organisational Arrangements Particularly During the Hajj Period". European Journal of Environment and Public Health, vol. 5, no. 1, 2021, em0053. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/8424