Elimination of Vibrio Cholerae from Raw Sewage Using Chlorella Vulgaris: A Case of Chegutu Waste Reticulation, Zimbabwe

Hope Rukawo; Joe Phaeton Mukaro

doi:10.21601/ejeph/11724

Full Text (PDF)

Hope Rukawo ¹ , Joe Phaeton Mukaro ¹ ^*

More Detail

¹ University of Zimbabwe, Department of Science Design and Technology Education, ZIMBABWE^* Corresponding Author

Abstract

The research was aimed at eliminating Vibrio cholerae from raw sewage collected from home spills of Chegutu, Zimbabwe. An experimental approach was used in which homogenized raw sewage, inoculated with Chlorella vulgaris culture was distributed equally into three tanks and left to stand for three weeks. Samples were extracted from the three tanks and tested for the presence of Vibrio cholerae and physico-chemical parameters once in seven days. Results showed a continuous decrease in the quantities of Vibrio cholerae as well as physico-chemical parameters. Vibrio cholerae was totally eliminated from the sewage within 21 days. Chlorella vulgaris can be used as a bioremediation agent to eliminate the Vibrio cholerae from sewage. The research recommends that the prototype designed from this research could be used at a large scale in the elimination of Vibrio cholerae in Municipal raw sewage.

Keywords

Vibrio cholerae
Chlorella vulgaris
bioremediation
wastewater
physico-chemical parameters

License

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Article Type: Research Article

EUR J ENV PUBLIC HLT, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2022, Article No: em0104

https://doi.org/10.21601/ejeph/11724

Publication date: 09 Feb 2022

Article Views: 2550

Article Downloads: 1970

Open Access References How to cite this article

References

Ajala, S. O. and Alexander, M. L. (2020). Assessment of Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Oocystis minuta for removal of sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate in wastewater. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 11, 311-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-019-00333-0
Baron, S., Larvor, E., Chevalier, S., Jouy, E., Kempf, I., Granier, S. A. and Lesne, J. (2017). Antimicrobial susceptibility among urban wastewater and wild shellfish isolates of non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae from La Rance Estuary (Brittany, France). Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 1637. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01637
Basika, E., Banadda, N. and Kiggundu, N. (2020). A review of usage of wastewater sludge and its environmental impacts. MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences, 5(6), 280-284. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2020.05.00205
Berthold, D. E., Shetty, K. G., Jayachandran, K., Laughinghouse IV, H. D. and Gantar, M. (2019). Enhancing algal biomass and lipid production through bacterial co-culture. Biomass and Bioenergy, 122, 280-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.01.033
Bharati, K. and Ganguly, N. K. (2011). Cholera toxin: A paradigm of a multifunctional protein. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 133(2), 179-187.
Bloomfield, J. and Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research design. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association, 22(2), 27-30. https://doi.org/10.33235/jarna.22.2.27-30
Cartwright, E. J., Patel, M. K., Mbopi-Keou, F. X., Ayers, T., Haenke, B., Wagenaar, B. H., Mintz, E. and Quick, R. (2013). Recurrent epidemic cholera with high mortality in Cameroon: Persistent challenges 40 years into the seventh pandemic. Epidemiology & Infection, 141(10), 2083-2093. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812002932
Chegutu Municipal Newsletter. (2018). Chegutu Municipality. Available at: http://www.chegutumunicipality.co.zw/documents/municipalnewslettervolume3.pdf
Chiu, S.-Y., Kao, C.-Y., Chen, T.-Y., Chang, Y.-B., Kuo, C.-M. and Lin, C.-S. (2015). Cultivation of microalgal Chlorella for biomass and lipid production using wastewater as nutrient resource. Bioresource Technology, 184, 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.080
Cooper, M. B. and Smith, A. G. (2015). Exploring mutualistic interactions between microalgae and bacteria in the omics age. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 26, 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2015.07.003
Dasgupta, C. N., Toppo, K., Nayaka, S. and Singh, A. K. (2019). Bioremediation of municipal sewage using potential microalgae. In S. K. Gupta and F. Bux (Eds.), Application of microalgae in wastewater treatment (pp. 121-144). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13913-1_7
Demirbas, A., Edris, G. and Alalayah, W. M. (2017). Sludge production from municipal wastewater treatment in sewage treatment plant. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 39(10), 999-1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2017.1283551
Dumontet, S., Scopa, A., Kerje, S. and Krovacek, K., 2001. The importance of pathogenic organisms in sewage and sewage sludge. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 51(6), 848-860. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2001.10464313
Fergola, P., Cerasuolo, M., Pollio, A., Pinto, G. and Dellagreca, M. (2007). Allelopathy and competition between Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata: Experiments and mathematical model. Ecological Modelling, 208(2-4), 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.05.024
Ferreira, A. and Gouveia, L. (2020). Microalgal biorefineries. In E. Jacob-Lopes, L. G. R. Mérida, M. I. Queiroz and L. Q. Zepka (Eds.), Handbook of microalgae-based processes and products (pp. 771-798). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818536-0.00028-2
Garcha, S., Verma, N. and Brar, S. K. (2016). Isolation, characterization and identification of microorganisms from unorganized dairy sector wastewater and sludge samples and evaluation of their biodegradability. Water Resources and Industry, 16, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2016.10.002
Goertzen, M. J. (2017). Introduction to quantitative research and data. Library Technology Reports, 53(4), 12-18.
Gonçalves, A. L., Pires, J. C. M. and Simões, M. (2017). A review on the use of microalgal consortia for wastewater treatment. Algal Research, 24 (Part B), 403-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.008
Huq, A. and Colwell, R. R. (1996). A microbiological paradox: viable but nonculturable bacteria with special reference to Vibrio cholerae. Journal of Food Protection, 59(1), 96-101. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-59.1.96
Huq, A., Sack, R. B., Nizam, A., Longini, I. M., Nair, G. B., Ali, A., Morris Jr., J. G., Khan, M. H., Siddique, A. K., Yunus, M. and Albert, M. J. (2005). Critical factors influencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the environment of Bangladesh. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(8), 4645-4654. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.8.4645-4654.2005
Jena, N. and Nyakudya, M. (2018, January 20). Cholera hits Zimbabwe, 4 die in Chegutu. NewsDay.Available at: https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/01/cholera-hits-zim-4-die-chegutu
Kumar, B. R., Prasad, M. L., Srinivasarao, D. and Sambasiva Rao, K. R. S. (2013). Bioremediation of sewage using specific consortium of microorganisms. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences, 1(6), 15-26.
Kumar, R. and Kundu, S. (2020). Microbial bioremediation and biodegradation of hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and radioactive wastes in solids and wastewaters. In M. Shah (Ed.), Microbial Bioremediation & Biodegradation (pp. 95-112). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1812-6_4
Maliki, M., Adedokun, R. A., Afehomo, E. and Ikhide, O. O. (2020). Comparative evaluation of the physicochemical properties of different agricultural wastewaters in Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 45(3), 477-485.
Mengel, M. A., Delrieu, I., Heyerdahl, L. and Gessner, B. D. (2014). Cholera outbreaks in Africa. Cholera Outbreaks, 379, 117-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2014_369
Mohammed, M. A., Shitu, A., Tadda, M. A. and Ngabura, M. (2014). Utilization of various agricultural waste materials in the treatment of Industrial wastewater containing Heavy metals: A review. International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(3), 62-71.
Mora-Ravelo, S., Alarcon, A., Rocandio-Rodriguez, M. and Vanoye-Eligio, V. (2017). Bioremediation of wastewater for reutilization in agricultural systems: A review. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 15(1), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1501_033050
Mubashar, M., Naveed, M., Mustafa, A., Ashraf, S., Shehzad Baig, K., Alamri, S., Siddiqui, M. H., Zabochnicka-Świątek, M., Szota, M. and Kalaji, H. M. (2020). Experimental investigation of Chlorella vulgaris and Enterobacter sp. MN17 for decolorization and removal of heavy metals from textile wastewater. Water, 12(11), 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113034
Mulamattathil, S. G., Bezuidenhout, C., Mbewe, M. and Ateba, C. N. (2014). Isolation of environmental bacteria from surface and drinking water in Mafikeng, South Africa, and characterization using their antibiotic resistance profiles. Journal of Pathogens, 2014, 371208. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/371208
Nathanson, J. A. and Ambulkar, A. (2018). Wastewater treatment. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/technology/wastewater-treatment/Primary-treatment#ref593251
Nongogo, V. and Okoh, A. I. (2014). Occurrence of Vibrio pathotypes in the final effluents of five wastewater treatment plants in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(8), 7755-7766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110807755
Nyamukondiwa, W. (2018). Chegutu cholera cases up. The Herald. Available at: https://www.herald.co.zw/chegutu-cholera-cases-up/#:~:text=THE%20number%20of%20suspected%20cholera,died%20of%20cholera%20in%20Chegutu (Accessed 22 January 2018).
Okeyo, A. N., Nontongana, N., Fadare, T. O. and Okoh, A. I. (2018). Vibrio species in wastewater final effluents and receiving watershed in South Africa: Implications for public health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061266
Olguı́n, E. J. (2003). Phycoremediation: Key issues for cost-effective nutrient removal processes. Biotechnology Advances, 22(1-2), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-9750(03)00130-7
Osunla, C. A. and Okoh, A. I. (2017). Vibrio pathogens: A public health concern in rural water resources in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101188
Otondo, A., Kokabian, B., Stuart-Dahl, S. and Gude, V. G. (2018). Energetic evaluation of wastewater treatment using microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(2), 3213-3222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.04.064
Pilon-Smits, E. (2005). Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 56, 15-39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144214
Prasad, M. N. V., de Campos Favas, P. J., Vithanage, M. and Mohan, S. V. (eds.). (2019). Industrial and municipal sludge: Emerging concerns and scope for resource recovery. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Robinson, R. K. (2014). Encyclopedia of food microbiology. Academic Press.
Rothermel, M. C. (2011). Coupling the wastewater treatment process with an algal photobioreactor for nutrient removal and renewable resource production [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh].
Ru, I. T. K., Sung, Y. Y., Jusoh, M., Wahid, M. E. A. and Nagappan, T. (2020). Chlorella vulgaris: A perspective on its potential for combining high biomass with high value bioproducts. Applied Phycology, 1(1), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/26388081.2020.1715256
Sabuda, M. C., Rosenfeld, C. E., DeJournett, T. D., Schroeder, K., Wuolo-Journey, K. and Santelli, C. M. (2020). Fungal bioremediation of selenium-contaminated industrial and municipal wastewaters. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 2105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.02105
Salgueiro, J. L., Perez, L., Maceiras, R., Sanchez, A. and Cancela, A. (2016). Bioremediation of wastewater using Chlorella vulgaris microalgae: Phosphorus and organic matter. International Journal of Environmental Research, 10(3), 465-470.
Segovia Bifarini, M. A., Žitnik, M., Griessler Bulc, T. and Krivograd Klemenčič, A. (2020). Treatment and re-use of raw blackwater by Chlorella vulgaris-based system. Water, 12(10), 2660. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102660
Sero, E. T., Siziba, N., Bunhu, T. and Shoko, R. (2021). Isolation and screening of microalgal species, native to Zimbabwe, with potential use in biodiesel production. All Life, 14(1), 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2021.1911862
Shaffer, N., do Santos, E. S., Andreason, P. A. and Farmer III, J. J. (1989). Rapid laboratory diagnosis of cholera in the field. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(1), 119-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(89)90733-5
Shahid, A., Malik, S., Zhu, H., Xu, J., Nawaz, M. Z., Nawaz, S., Alam, M. A. and Mehmood, M. A. (2020). Cultivating microalgae in wastewater for biomass production, pollutant removal, and atmospheric carbon mitigation; a review. Science of the Total Environment, 704, 135303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135303
Sharma, G. K. and Khan, S. A. (2013). Bioremediation of sewage wastewater using selective algae for manure production. International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Management, 4(6), 573-580.
Shields, P. and Cathcart, L. (2010). Oxidase test protocol. Available at: https://asm.org/getattachment/00ce8639-8e76-4acb-8591-0f7b22a347c6/oxidase-test-protocol-3229.pdf
Sirisha, T., Aleem Bash, P. and Kavitha, B. (2017). Isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacteria from Kundu river water of Nandyal, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Applied Sciences, 17(9), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2017.475.481
Taziki, M., Ahmadzadeh, H., Murry, M. A. and Lyon, S. R. (2015). Nitrate and nitrite removal from wastewater using algae. Current Biotechnology, 4(4), 426-440. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550104666150828193607
Toze, S. (1997). Microbial pathogens in wastewater: Literature review for urban water systems multi-divisional research program. Available at: https://www.worldcat.org/title/microbial-pathogens-in-wastewater-literature-review-for-urban-water-systems-multi-divisional-research-program/oclc/223756003
UNICEF. (2018). Zimbabwe: Cholera outbreak report. UNICEF Zimbabwe. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/media/76176/file/Zimbabwe-Cholera-SitRep-23-Nov-2018.pdf
Wang, H., Wang, T., Zhang, B., Li, F., Toure, B., Omosa, I. B., Chiramba, T., Abdel‐Monem, M. and Pradhan, M. (2014). Water and wastewater treatment in Africa-current practices and challenges. CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, 42(8), 1029-1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300208
Wang, L., Min, M., Li, Y., Chen, P., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y. and Ruan, R. (2010). Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 162(4), 1174-1186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8866-7
Winstead, A., Strysko, J., Relan, P., Conners, E. E., Martinsen, A. L., Lopez, V., Arons, M., Masunda, K. P., Mukeredzi, I., Manyara, J. and Duri, C. (2020). Notes from the field: Cholera outbreak-Zimbabwe, September 2018-March 2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(17), 527. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6917a3
Wirth, R., Pap, B., Böjti, T., Lakatos, G., Bagi, Z., Shetty, P., Kovács, K. L. and Maróti, G. (2020). Chlorella vulgaris and its phycosphere in wastewater: Microalgae-bacteria interactions during nutrient removal. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 1108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.557572
World Health Organization. (2018). Cholera. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2019, 48(94), 567-580.
World Health Organization. (2019). Cholera. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2020, 37(95), 441-448.
Xin, L., Hong-Ying, H., Ke, G. and Ying-Xue, S. (2010). Effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the growth, nutrient uptake, and lipid accumulation of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. Bioresource Technology, 101(14), 5494-5500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.016
Zhao, B., Zhang, Y., Xiong, K., Zhang, Z., Hao, X. and Liu, T. (2011). Effect of cultivation mode on microalgal growth and CO2 fixation. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 89(9), 1758-1762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2011.02.018
Zhao, Y., Ge, Z., Lui, H. and Sun, S. (2016). Ability of different microalgae species in synthetic high‐strength wastewater treatment and potential lipid production. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 91(11), 2888-2895. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4905

How to cite this article

Vancouver

Rukawo H, Mukaro JP. Elimination of Vibrio Cholerae from Raw Sewage Using Chlorella Vulgaris: A Case of Chegutu Waste Reticulation, Zimbabwe. EUR J ENV PUBLIC HLT. 2022;6(1):em0104. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejeph/11724

APA

Rukawo, H., & Mukaro, J. P. (2022). Elimination of Vibrio Cholerae from Raw Sewage Using Chlorella Vulgaris: A Case of Chegutu Waste Reticulation, Zimbabwe. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 6(1), em0104. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejeph/11724

AMA

Rukawo H, Mukaro JP. Elimination of Vibrio Cholerae from Raw Sewage Using Chlorella Vulgaris: A Case of Chegutu Waste Reticulation, Zimbabwe. EUR J ENV PUBLIC HLT. 2022;6(1), em0104. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejeph/11724

Chicago

Rukawo, Hope, and Joe Phaeton Mukaro. "Elimination of Vibrio Cholerae from Raw Sewage Using Chlorella Vulgaris: A Case of Chegutu Waste Reticulation, Zimbabwe". European Journal of Environment and Public Health 2022 6 no. 1 (2022): em0104. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejeph/11724

Harvard

Rukawo, H., and Mukaro, J. P. (2022). Elimination of Vibrio Cholerae from Raw Sewage Using Chlorella Vulgaris: A Case of Chegutu Waste Reticulation, Zimbabwe. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 6(1), em0104. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejeph/11724

MLA

Rukawo, Hope et al. "Elimination of Vibrio Cholerae from Raw Sewage Using Chlorella Vulgaris: A Case of Chegutu Waste Reticulation, Zimbabwe". European Journal of Environment and Public Health, vol. 6, no. 1, 2022, em0104. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejeph/11724